1
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Runes weren’t a single language—they were alphabets across northern Europe.

2
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From around 150 CE, they captured early Germanic speech: Proto-Norse, Old Norse, and Old English.

3
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Modern languages aren’t descendants of runes, but of those tongues.

4
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Echoes remain: Icelandic’s þ, historic place names, and familiar sounds shared across Scandinavia, Germany, and the North Sea world.